The science behind penalty shootouts: Analysis and probabilities

One of the most polemic aspects of the game, penalty kicks are dreaded by fans and derided by casuals, but just what does the science say?

Sports, Free Full-Text

Full article: Almost a lottery: the influence of team strength on success in penalty shootouts

Model to help score penalties at the FIFA World Cup

PDF) A comprehensive analysis of soccer penalty shootout designs

SciSports Data Science

The psychology of the penalty shootout: Mentally preparing to score, or save, a game-defining goal - ESPN

Coin toss influences outcome of penalty shootouts

Spain, Fond of Passing, Bows Out Meekly When Forced to Shoot - The New York Times

How the internet reacted to the Matildas' penalty shootout triumph over France at the Women's World Cup - ABC News